ISRO’S CRYOGENIC ENGINE
Cryogenic Engine which was made in India after 16 years all components which are used in the rocket is Indian made , This engine was designed by Russian in 1991 India enters contract with Russia to supply cryogenic engine to India, All legal formalities are completed even Russia decided to supply but in 1993 US forced Russia not to supply cryogenic engine even Russia want bank from the deal .
From that movement ISRO Scientist decided to build Indian made cryogenic engine, from launch pad up to stage 2 vehicle went good when it was changing to cryogenic engine its validity was changed from the already expected direction up to 500 seconds signal from the vehicle was proper after that it deviate from the direction , Next for few minutes from ISRO no communication then finally ISRO Chairman said that some problem in third stage ( cryogenic engine) expected distant was not covered and in his few words he said that “ WITH IN ONE ISRO IS GOING TO LAUNCH GSLV WITH CRYOGENIC ENGINE “ Thanks to ladies and gentile man who work for this project .
The Whole Truth
Work on developing a cryogenic engine was initiated shortly after the project to develop the Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) was launched in 1986. The GSLV is capable of placing a 2 ton satellite into a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).
Initially ISRO scientists attempted to develop a cryogenic engine on their own. However, having made no progress, in 1991 ISRO entered into a $120 million contract with Glavkosmos for the supply of two KVD-1 cryogenic engines and the complete transfer of technology for those engines.
The KVD-1 is the one and only oxygen/hydrogen liquid-propellant rocket engine in Russia known to have passed through full-scale ground testing routine. KVD-1's prototype known as 11D56 was developed between 1965-1972 by the Design Bureau of Chemical Machine-Building ( KB Khimmash) for the fourth stage of a future version of heavy Lunar N-1 launch vehicle. Bench trials of the engine commenced in 1966.
The KVD-1 engine is a single-chambered unit with a turbo pump system designed to feed propellants; and includes afterburning: a feature characteristic of any powerful Russian liquid-propellant rocket engine design. The engine can be used in cryogenic upper stages designed to put payloads into high-altitude elliptical, geostationary orbits or escape trajectories.
US Sanctions
In 1993 the US leaned on Russia to cancel its contract with ISRO and stop any transfer of technology for developing cryogenic engines, citing violation of the MTCR regime. Indeed, the US imposed sanctions on both Glavkosmos as well as ISRO for the violation. The then Russian president, Boris Yelstin, yielded to American pressure and directed Glavkosmos to renegotiate its contract with ISRO to exclude transfer of technology. The renegotiated contract provisioned only for outright sale of two KVD-1 engines. Satisfied, the Americans lifted sanctions on Glavkosmos and ISRO.
Despite the renegotiation, in the years that followed, ISRO continued to exude confidence in its ability to develop the cryogenic engine on its own. Some of the confidence stemmed from the fact that significant elements of the manufacturing know-how needed to design and construct cryogenic engines had in fact been already transferred to India by 1993 when the contract was renegotiated. In March 1994, Dr. U. R. Rao of ISRO admitted that ISRO would benefit from design drawings and other information obtained under the original contract and from the extensive training that its engineers received in Russia. The continued presence of Russian space technicians at ISRO in connection with the outright supply of the two KVD-1 engines provided ISRO a conduit to the source of KVD-1 technology.
However, despite its confidence ISRO faltered when it was faced with the production of special alloys and high-speed turbines required for cryogenic fuels and it became evident that delays in the production of the KVD-1 derivative would affect the GSLV launch schedule. Consequently, in December 2001 India entered into an agreement with Khrunichev Space Centre for supply of five additional KVD-1 engines for its GSLV program.
When Khrunichev announced its deal with ISRO it also stated that Russia and India would collaborate on further development of the booster. The statement seems to suggest that Khrunichev will continue assisting ISRO with the development of its CUS
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